Exploring Air Pollution Problems for a Focus - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theExploring Air Pollution Problems for a Focus on Brisbane. Answer: Introduction Air pollution is explicitly acknowledged to be a substantial public health issue, responsible for an increasing range of environmental and health consequences. The health effects of air pollution are becoming a burden to healthcare systems. Air pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the air at concentrations that present a health threat. Common air pollutants are CO, SO2, PAHs and particulate matter, which may originate from different sources such as vehicle emissions, fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning. (3, 18, 19)The smoke produced in closed spaces from cooking may also cause air pollution. Rapid urbanisation further increases the risk of exposure to ambient air pollutants. The rationale of this paper is to investigate how air pollution affects public health. In this scholarly paper, a literature review was performed into the concept of air pollution, its causes, and impact on public health with a focus on Brisbane, Australia, which is the selected community. Recent peer-reviewed articles published between 2012 and 2017 were retrieved from MEDLINE and CINAHL Plus. The research questions are; what are the main air pollution problems in Brisbane, Australia? What are the key sources? Are they associated with other environmental issues? How does the air pollution affect public health? Search terms and criteria A literature search was conducted using CINAHL Plus and MEDLINE as the two primary academic databases to investigate current knowledge on air pollution and public health. The search terms were air, pollution, problems, sources, environmental, issues, Brisbane and Australia. Boolean operators that were used to facilitate the literature search were AND and OR. The search mode was find all my search while the expander was apply all related words. Year of publication was used as a limiter in the literature search. It was performed for the years between 2012 and 2017. Source type was all results, and the language was English. The search criteria yielded several meta-analyses and systemic reviews, and many recent studies on the association between air pollution and public health. For instance, the search air AND pollution AND Brisbane yielded 124 results in MEDLINE and 723 results in CINAHL Plus. 20 articles were found to be relevant and included in this study. Critical appraisal of the articles The primary themes that were discerned from the pertinent articles were categorised into three, major air pollution sources, environmental issues and public health problems. These themes were appraised using the apposite literature. Major air pollutants Alharbi et al. (1) conduct a study to determine the concentration of thoron and radon in workplaces in Brisbane. Several workplaces were selected randomly around Brisbane, and active method was used to measure the level of radon and thoron concentration. Closed areas were found to have the highest concentrations of radon, 86.6 6.0 Bq m3. On the other hand, maximal thoron concentration was discovered in stores, 78.1 14.0 Bq m3. The researchers found that the concentration of these gases was low during working hours and high after working hours due to the difference in ventilation. Besides, they unravelled that concrete flooring was a significant contributor of the radon and thoron in the environment. Thai et al. (2) conducted a study to evaluate the level of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Brisbane and Hanoi. During the study, urine samples were tested from 16 candidates for ten weeks. The findings indicate that residents of Hanoi had higher exposure to PAHS than residents of Brisbane. However, the researchers concluded that air pollution was a major concern in the two settings. In their study, Crilley et al. (3) aimed to identify the source of organic carbon (OC) as well as elemental carbon (EC) concentration in ambient PM 2.5 across urban learning institutions in Brisbane. Sampling was performed at 25 schools. The EC tracer method was applied to quantify the primary and secondary concentrations of OC. This study found that secondary organic aerosols (SOA), local weather conditions as well as vehicle emissions were the primary contributors of a carbonaceous component of PM 2.5 across urban learning institutions. Friend et al. (4) conducted a study to identify the significant sources of air pollution. They performed sampling in two different places in Brisbane. Ultrafine and fine particles were found in several locations, which are traffic sources and biomass burning. Their conclusion notes that traffic was the major source of air pollution. Public health problems Ezz et al. (5) did a study to determine the implications of both indoor and outdoor ultrafine particles on children health in Brisbane. Their main aim was to establish the link between respiratory diseases and ultrafine particles. 25 school campuses were randomly recruited to participate in this study. The respiratory health consequences were analysed through different tests such as spirometry, a fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FOT) and multiple breath nitrogen washout test (MBNW). The author concluded that ultrafine particles are a leading cause of respiratory illnesses. In his Meta-analysis study, Roberts (6) aimed to determine the mortality trends linked to air pollution (PM10) in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia. The author focused on the period between 1993 and 2007. In the findings, the author asserts that mortality has declined, PM10 is still a problem, and it is associated with cardiovascular deaths. Bowatte et al. (7) used a longitudinal study to investigate whether subjection to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is linked to asthma, allergies and impaired lung function. Regression models were used to quantify the level of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The results insinuate that living close to major roads exposes individuals to TRAP, which increases the risk of current wheeze, atopy, asthma, allergic outcomes and other lung complications. Barnett et al. (8) performed a study using a Bayesian hierarchical model to establish the link between exposure to air pollutants and health outcomes in Brisbane, Australia. Subjection to air pollution was linked to negative health effects including hospitalisation and deaths. This finding indicates that people who are exposed to air pollutants to a certain level are likely to experience poor health outcomes. A similar study was done by Cohen et al. (9); however, their study focused on a global landscape. Their study was based on the foundation that subjection to ambient air pollution results in high morbidity and mortality. They discovered that exposure to ambient PM2-5 was a leading cause of deaths because it increased the risk of (COPD). Berends (10) study on the health impacts of air pollution also concluded that COPD is a serious problem. In a related study, Brauer et al. (11) used ground measurement, satellite-based estimate and chemical transport model simulation to evaluate t he extent to which ambient air pollution increases global disease burden. Over five years, they found that ambient air pollution increases the global disease burden. Narasimhan et al. (12) evaluated the available literature to determine the risk factors for tuberculosis. The analysis revealed that there are numerous risk factors for tuberculosis. Among the most important risk factors was indoor air pollution. Another primary study was designed to analyse the impact of temperature and air pollution on the prevalence of pediatric influenza. In this study, four Poisson log-linear regression model and the number of influenza cases were applied to investigate the impact of PM10, N02 and O3 as well as temperature on pediatric influenza. The study found that high levels of 03, NO2 and PM10 resulted in high prevalence of pediatric influenza in Brisbane. (13) The authors conclude that air pollution is a key predictor of pediatric influenza. Wang et al. (14) did a study to appraise the relationship between air pollution, temperature and mortality in Brisbane. Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer was utilised to measure particle size while the other data on air pollution was obtained from government agencies. They unravelled that the air temperature tends to increase mortality for those with respiratory infections. Their findings insinuate that air temperature enhances the negative impacts of air pollut ion. Straney et al. (15) did a study to explore the link between air pollution and the prevalence of Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). In their research, the authors used St Johns Ambulance data. They focused on these air pollutants O3, NO2, SO2 and CO. The relationship between the pollutants and OHCA was determined based on the number of reported cases. They found that carbon monoxide and PM2.5 were linked to the high prevalence of OHCA. Evidence suggests that the ambient air pollution is major disease burden. Nevertheless, one longitudinal study on female health found that ambient air pollution was not related to self-reported disease in Australia. 26,991 females were recruited in this study. The researchers recorded the self-reported cases of cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes and respiratory illnesses. (16) Kelly et al. (17) analysed available literature to establish the link between air pollution and health. They discovered that most people mainly in urban centres breathe air that does not meet World Health Organisation (WHO) standards, which is a threat to public health. Environmental issues In a second study Crilley et al. (18) implanted Aerodyne compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (TOF-AMS) to measure the level of organic aerosol (OA), specifically vehicle emissions and human activity in 5 urban schools across Brisbane. They found a varying concentration of OA in the selected schools. The sources of OA were mainly vehicle emissions, gardening equipment and biomass burning. In conclusion, the authors noted that children are exposed to more OA during drop-off and pick-up times. Johnston et al. (19) investigated the impact of combustion emission on human health over time. Their study focuses on environmental issues such as fossil fuel combustion, domestic fires and landscape fires. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data was used to facilitate the study. The findings show that air pollution associated with human actions has a fundamental effect on health. One recent study assessed the impact of reducing air pollution associated with biomass smoke on mortality. Th e study included about 215,000 Australians. The randomised controlled trial offered education on the reduction of ambient pollution. Outcomes were measured as changes in cause of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality for 6.5 years. (20) There was a decline in the number of deaths linked to ambient air pollution, which indicates that environmental issues are important in predicting the relationship between air pollution and public health. Critical analysis to answer the questions Primary air pollution problems in Brisbane Air pollution is a significant problem in Brisbane, Australia. The primary issues of air pollution in this community can be classified into health effects, learning effects and urban living effects. Evidently, air pollution affects the health the people in this community adversely since they are at the risk of developing chronic and non-chronic diseases such as respiratory diseases and lung cancer. Empirical evidence suggests that residents who are located in proximity to roads in Brisbane are exposed to ambient air pollution (16), and organic aerosol (OA). (18) These people are likely to be exposed to harmful gasses such as NO2 and CO, which further affects their health. In construction works, workers may be exposed to radon and thoron. (1) It has been found that living about 200 metres from major roads is linked to current wheeze. (7) Air pollution further causes a problem in learning. At school, children are exposed to ultrafine particles (5), organic carbon (OC), and elemental ca rbon (EC) (3), which tend to affect learning activities. This evidence insinuates that air pollution is a serious ongoing issue in Brisbane. Major sources of pollution Various sources of air pollution have been characterised in the selected community. Most of the studies in this field tend to agree that human actions are the major causes of air pollution in Brisbane, Australia. The main air pollutants in Brisbane are O3, CO, NO2, SO2, and particulate matter (PM). Vehicle emission is the most important source of air pollution.(18) Other studies use the term traffic to refer to vehicle emissions. (10) School going children and adults are exposed to vehicle emissions, which makes it a significant source of air pollution. Biomass burning is also a major contributor of air pollutants in Brisbane. A vast literature exists on the contribution of biomass burning to air pollution. (20) Gardening activities are also key sources of air pollution, especially when farm machinery is used. This aspect points to the use of fossil fuels for enabling the economies. Some of these sources tend to have a marginal contribution to the gross pollution in the air. However, the aggregate consequence of different sources is disastrous. Whether they are related to other environmental issues As evident in the literature review, air pollution in Brisbane is related to other environmental issues. The ambient air pollutants figure into several other environmental issues. It is notable that fossil fuel combustion generates ambient air pollutants as well as greenhouse gases. (19) Greenhouse gases including CO2 and CH4 contribute to global warming. In fact, researchers tend to study the effect of both temperature and air pollution on the environment. Particulate matter concentration has been found to have profound effects on temperature. (14) Some air pollutants tend to co-occur, and this aspect buttresses the relationship. Impacts of air pollution on public health The ultimate effect of air pollution on public health is to causes diseases and mortality. There is strong evidence that air pollution is a leading cause of diseases as well as mortality in Brisbane. Air pollution is linked to several harmful cardiovascular as well as respiratory effects. Airborne particulates are responsible for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. (10) Ultrafine particles cause health effects because they can penetrate into the lungs and result in damages. (5) Air pollution further presents the risks of atopy, asthma, allergic outcomes and atopic asthma. (7) Research has also found that air pollution leads to heart diseases, cerebrovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (9) O3 impacts the lungs by leading to the inflammation of the airways as well as reducing lung function. Additionally, breathing O3 can cause different health problems such as congestion, throat irritation and chest pain. Although some of these illnesses are primar ily caused by air pollution, others are secondary illnesses. The health conditions caused or exacerbated by air pollution might also be caused by other risk factors. As such, some health conditions prompted by air pollution may not be discerned directly as having been caused by air pollution. Mortality is another public health problem that is linked to air pollution. Most deaths are associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. (20) Morbidity is a public health issue linked to air pollution. Conclusion This study made it possible to deduce denouements from independent outcomes of each study appraised, establishing coherent data that can be utilized for designing public guidelines. In addition, the findings of this study can be used to inform policies on air pollution control in urban schools. The paper showed that air pollution presents a significant problem to the public health in Brisbane, Australia. Air pollutants across this community tend to occur in levels that result in harm to the residents. In this case, harm refers to morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular and respiratory are the most common illnesses related to air pollution, and they are the leading causes of deaths. Conclusively, a holistic approach is required to address the problems of air pollution in Brisbane, Australia. Statements of competing interests The author certifies that they have NO affiliation with any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the topic explored in this manuscript. References List Alharbi S, Akber R. Radon and thoron concentrations in public workplaces in Brisbane, Australia. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2015; 144: p. 69-76.Thai P, Li Z, Sjdin A, Fox A, Diep N, Binh T, et al. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in small groups of residents in Brisbane, Australia and Hanoi, Vietnam, and those travelling between the two cities. Chermosphere. 2015; 139: p. 358-364.Crilley L, Ayoko G, Mazaheri M, Morawska L. Factors influencing the outdoor concentration of carbonaceous aerosols at urban schools in Brisbane, Australia: Implications for children's exposure. Environmental Pollution. 2016;(208): p. 249-255.Friend A, Ayoko G, Jayaratne E, Jamriska M, Hopke P, Morawska L. Source apportionment of ultrafine and fine particle concentrations in Brisbane, Australia. Environmental Science And Pollution Research International. 2011; 19(7): p. 2942-2950.Ezz W, Mazaheri M, Robinson P, Johnson G, Clifford S, He C, et al. Ultrafine particles from traffic emissions and childrens health (Uptech) in Brisbane, Queensland (Australia): Study design and implementation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(2): p. 1687-1702.Rberts S. Have the short-term mortality effects of particulate matter air pollution changed in Australia over the period 1993-2007. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987). 2013; 182: p. 9-14.Bowatte G, Lodge C, Knibbs L, Lowe A, Erbas B, Dennekamp M, et al. Traffic-related air pollution exposure is associated with allergic sensitization, asthma, and poor lung function in middle age. The journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2017; 139(1): p. 122-129.Barnett A, Clements A, Vaneckova P. Estimating the effects of environmental exposures using a weighted mean of monitoring stations. Spatial And Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology. 2012; 3(3): p. 225-234.Cohen A, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson H, Frostad J, Estep K, et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributes to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet (London, England). 2015; 389(10082): p. 1907-1918.Berend N. Contribution of air pollution to COPD and small airway dysfunction. Respirology. 2016; 21(2): p. 237-244.Brauer M, Freedman G, Frostad J, van Donkelaar A, Martin R, Dentener F, et al. Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for Global Burden of Disease. Environmental Science Technology. 2013; 50(1): p. 79-88. Narasimhan P, Wood J, Macintyre C, Mathai D. Risk factors for tuberculosis. Pulmonary Medicine. 2013;: p. 828939.Xu Z, Hu W, Williams G, Clements A, Kan H, Tong S. Air pollution, temperature and pediatric influenza in Brisbane, Australia. Environment International. 2013; 59: p. 384-388.Wang L, Tong S, Toloo G, Yu W. Submicrometer particles and their effects on the association between air temperature and mortality in Brisbane, Australia. Environmental Research. 2014; 128: p. 70-77.Straney L, Finn J, Dennekamp M, Bremner A, Tonkin A, Jacobs I. Evaluating the impact of air pollution on the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Perth Metropolitan Region: 2000-2010. Journal Of Epidemiology And Community Health. 2014; 68(1): p. 6-12.Lazarevic N, Dobson A, Barnett A, Knibbs L. Long-term ambient air pollution exposure and self-reported morbidity in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(10): p. e008714.Kelly F, Fussell J. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. Environmental Geochemistry And Health. 2015; 37(4): p. 631-649.Crilley L, Ayoko G, Jayaratne E, Salimi F, Morawska L. Aerosol mass spectrometric analysis of the chemical composition of non-refractory PM(1) samples from school environments in Brisbane, Australia. The Science Of The Total Environment. 2013; 458-460: p. 81-89.Johnston F, Melody S, Bowman D. The pyrohealth transition: how combustion emissions have shaped health through human history. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London. Series B, Biologica2l Sciences. 2016; 371(1696).Johnston F, Hanigan I, Henderson S, Morgan G. Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994-2007. BMJ. 2013; 346: p. e8446.

Peculiarities of Chinese Aspect within the Process of Preservation of the Environment

Today, the world faces with a number of problems of the environment that should be solved by the way of cooperation of the countries and the use of the new green technologies. China as one of the most valuable players of the world politics demonstrates a high level of increase of the economics and industries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Peculiarities of Chinese Aspect within the Process of Preservation of the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the result, today, China has numerous ecological problems such as water and air pollution and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the problematic relationship between humans and the environment in China can be defined from the position of the water and air pollutions as the result of the industrial development of the country. The present issue had been studied carefully during the past century. Today, the environmental problems need more strict solutions; besides, it is highly important to provide the immediate measures and to improve the existent laws. In order to improve the problem of pollutions of the environment in China, analyzing the cultural background and impact of the economical situation on the environment, the government should develop such measures as the law which can convince companies to reduce the emissions and the domestic programs, including the bonuses which can motivate the industries to use more safe facilities. As the problem of environmental pollution is strong, it is highly important to develop the measures that could reduce the level of emissions. The researchers indicate such measure and emphasize an importance of the use of the modern facilities and providing the new laws that can help to preserve the environment. Besides, it is necessary to notice that the Chinese government should provide the domestic programs in order to reduce the emissions as well as cooperate with the international partners in order to develop the new common world solutions and to improve the present programs. Thus, in 2007, the State Environmental Protection Administration planned to replace 200 factories with clean facilities and to address efforts to the environmental preservation (â€Å"The World’s Worst Polluted Places† 6). On the one hand, highly developed economic helps developing financial position of the country, however, on the other hand, this process causes the large negative effects on the environment that affect not only China, but the whole world.Advertising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the cultural and economical aspects lead to the disbalance between the government and business. Although the both sides take into consideration the current problems and try to provide the initiatives, in fact, the problem of the air and water pollutions is not solved yet and it is impossible t o predict when the positive changes will happen. Thesis statement. In order to improve the problem of pollutions of the environment in China, analyzing the cultural background and impact of the economical situation on the environment, the present research paper suggest such measures as the law which can convince companies to reduce the emissions and the domestic programs, including the bonuses which can motivate the industries to use more safe facilities. The measures provided by the Chinese government help improving the process of preservation of the environment; however, it is necessary to develop more consistent and diligent solutions within the Chinese studies taking into consideration the economical, cultural and social characteristics of China. The government should develop the law which can convince companies to reduce the emissions and the domestic programs, including the bonuses which can motivate the industries to use more safe facilities. Background of present research pa per is based on the works of different researchers that help to understand the problem of preservation of the environment. Thus, R. Bryce says about â€Å"energy independence† as the key moment of development of different countries. For instance, he provides an example of the United States that is â€Å"married to fossil fuels† (Bryce 305). China as a country based on the use of the fossil fuels also can be considered as an example of energy independent economics. S. Carrell cites words of Al Gore who indicates that the reason of the environmental problems in China can be found in the overwhelming carbon emissions (â€Å"Al Gore: Clean proof that climate change causes extreme weather†). According to the statistics of the Blacksmith Institute, China is one of the countries with the most polluted environment caused by the unregulated work of the industries (â€Å"The World’s Worst Polluted Places†, Lee and Wauchope). Air pollution leads to high risk of respiratory and skin diseases and cancer.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Peculiarities of Chinese Aspect within the Process of Preservation of the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, according to statistics of the Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning published in 2003, over â€Å"300,000 people die each year from ambient air pollution, mostly of hearth diseases and cancer† (Kahn and Yardley). The World Bank indicates that the total death range now is reached 750,000 people a year (Kahn and Yardley). In the article As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes, the authors emphasize the lack of understanding of the environmental problems by the Chinese government. Although every country in its history goes through this problem as the result of the economical and industrial growth, â€Å"but just as the speed and scale of China’s rise as an economic power have no clear parallel in history, so its pollution problem has shattered all precedents† (Kahn and Yardley). The authors say about the increase of a number of the health problems in country such as cancer, heart diseases, skin diseases and the different poisonings. Obviously, the level of diseases is directly dependent on the air and water pollutions. Moreover, the pollutions impact quality of the food products and this fact also leads to the health problems. The authors analyze the work of the Communist Party in China and its capability to manage the current problems within the modern process and particularly its measures taken before the Olympic Games that took place in Beijing in 2008. A number of companies had to close illegal coal mines and reduce the level of polluting gases. However, the problem of the air pollution was not solved and the numerous athletes and visitors of the Olympic Games mentioned that the air in Beijing was badly cleaned. In the article Green Giant: Beijin g’s crash program for clean energy, Osnos says about the green programs of the country developed in order to reduce the emissions and to increase the use of technologies that preserve the environment. However, the Chinese programs do not demonstrate the positive effects.Advertising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It would be incorrect to say about the otioseness of those measures, nevertheless, it is too early to announce about the positive change. Osnos provides the information about the program called Goldwind Science and technology Company which is part of the 863 Program that â€Å"operates a plant and a laboratory in a cluster of high-tech companies in an outlying district of Beijing† (â€Å"Green Giant: Beijing’s crash program for clean energy†). This program is created in order to develop so-called E-Town in the Chinese capital and to provide more effective protecting measures. Taking into consideration methods of preservation suggested by T. Friedman, it is possible to develop the solutions of improvement of the current situation. One of the major steps is to make people â€Å"to be aware of the energy-climate problems† (Friedman 292). Lemonick analyses the climate models and reflects about the workable solutions, for instance, the ways of reduction of CO2 emissions (287). Such ideas help understanding the measures that can be helpful regarding to the current situation in China. Works Cited Bryce, Robert. â€Å"Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of Energy Independence.† Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 11/E. Ed. Laurence M. Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. US: Longman, 2011. Print. Carrell, Severin. â€Å"Al Gore: Clean proof that climate change causes extreme weather.† Guardian, 2011. Web. Friedman, Tomas L. â€Å"205 Easy Ways to Save the Earth.† Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 11/E. Ed. Laurence M. Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. US: Longman, 2011. Print. Kahn, Joseph, and Jim Yardley. â€Å"As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes.† The New York Times, 2007. Web. Lee, Cathy, and Samantha Wauchope. The Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. France: UNESCO, 2003. Web. Lemonick, Michael D.â€Å"Global Warming: Beyond the Tipping Point.† Writi ng and Reading Across the Curriculum, 11/E. Ed. Laurence M. Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. US: Longman, 2011. Print. Osnos, Evan. â€Å"Green Giant: Beijing’s crash program for clean energy.† The New Yorker, 2009. Web. The World’s Worst Polluted Places: The Top Ten (of The Dirty Thirty). NY: Blacksmith Institute, 2007. Web. This research paper on Peculiarities of Chinese Aspect within the Process of Preservation of the Environment was written and submitted by user Alejandra Espinoza to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample of Compare and Contrast Essay Outline

Sample of Compare and Contrast Essay OutlineStudents are often confused by the choice of a sample of compare and contrast essay outline to guide them in writing their own essay. The outline allows the student to be given an outline to follow and the instructor will then guide the student along the journey in order to create a strong paper. It is an essential element in preparing for the finals.In order to write a concise essay, it is necessary to have the outline to help guide the student in the right direction. In the event you are writing an essay as a preparation for the final, the outline will allow you to outline your topic in an easy to read manner. This aids the student in easily concentrating on the essay and to find the subject matter he or she needs to focus on. The outline will also tell the student what is required from him or her as far as style, theme and structure.It is extremely important that the student should spend some time and use the outline when he or she is ma king preparations for his or her final. Students usually find it difficult to focus on an essay when they are completely consumed with other subjects that are occurring in their heads. So, by following the outline the student can concentrate on what they need to do for the essay.Writing a sample of compare and contrast essay outline is available for many different subjects. The outline is generally used to compare and contrast two or more similar subjects. They do this by providing a parallel to help illustrate how one area of the essay compares to the other. These themes can be related to one another or they can be entirely separate from one another.One of the most obvious areas of essay writing that can be compared is information management. A general rule of thumb is that the greater the amount of knowledge that a person has the greater the contrast between his or her abilities and weaknesses. Of course a person who is well-informed about several different subjects might also hav e skills and abilities that can be compared to the area of knowledge they are knowledgeable about.Another common example is to compare entrepreneurship. This requires a comparison of two businesses, which will require the knowledge about both. Here the reader will also need to compare the nature of the business and how it was started. The writer must show how the business worked and how it succeeded. If the business failed or if it could not go on due to some factors, it is the student's responsibility to demonstrate that the business was successful.The sample of compare and contrast essay outline is also useful for subjects such as education, history, language, and literature. The themes are often similar, but the facts or characters in these topics are different. It is important to note that some subjects such as science and medicine are very unique and cannot be compared to any other topics. It is also very rare for a student to be able to write an essay in one of these subjects in a way that would be similar to any other topic.The outline should be considered by all students, even if they have never written an essay before. Most people who start out with writing papers are not aware of the uses of an outline and are often overwhelmed by the idea of writing an essay at all. The outline is an essential part of the process and should be used. By following the outline of the student will be guided as to how to structure a well-written paper.

Careers Ideas for English Majors

Careers Ideas for English Majors English majors are fortunate in that they graduate with degrees in a field that nearly everyone has heard of. The problem they face, however, is turning that English major into an actual job. Fortunately, many employers are aware that English majors come with a unique set of skills. Consider applying your knowledge in writing, critical thinking, and literature in one of the following careers. Careers in English Teach English in the United States. Its the classic choice for many English majors - and for good reason. If you love literature, working with students and writing, teaching in the U.S. through a program like Teach for America can be a great first gig.  Teach English abroad. Love to travel? Want to live somewhere new? Want to learn a new language? Teaching English abroad can be a great option for blending your personal and professional interests.Work in marketing for a for-profit company. Writing well may come easily to you, but it doesnt for everyone. Put your skills to work at a big companys marketing department.Be a freelance editor. Love helping people develop their own work? Consider freelancing as an editor.Be a freelance proofreader. Are you the person whom everyone comes to on campus to make sure their grammar and punctuation are perfect? Start charging for those services and see if you can make a career for yourself.Work for a newspaper. Contrary to popular belief, news o rganizations are on the rise and still hiring. Consider working as a journalist or editor. Work at a bookstore. Love books? Use your passion for literature to inspire the same passion in others.Work at a nonprofit that focuses on a love of literature. Consider working for a place like 826, which  focuses on bringing reading and books to those most in need.Do communications work for a large company. Creating copy and communication plans for a large company can be a fantastic challenge.  Do communications work for a nonprofit. You have awesome writing skills. Nonprofits need awesome folks. Pick an organization you love and you just might have a match made in heaven.Work as an editor or proofreader for a magazine. See if you can blend another of your passions - like photography, for example - by working as an editor or proofreader for a magazine in the field.Work as an editor or proofreader for a website. Most websites are designed and written by folks who want to get their information out. Make sure that information is clear and well written.Pursue life as a freelance writer.  Throw your hat in the ring and see if your skills as a freelance writer can pay the bills. Work at a library.  Working at a library can be a great way to interact daily with books and other tomes of information, with the added bonus of working more extensively with the community.Work at a local theater. Many local theater houses need folks with multiple talents: writing, acting, proofreading, editing. Put your multiple skills to use while having fun, too.Write promotional materials for a sports team. Love sports? Have a local sports team nearby? See if you can get a gig helping with the teams writing needs.Work at a TV station. You may think you need a degree in broadcasting to work at a TV station. But all those stories you hear on the news at night need to be written, edited, and proofread by someone who knows what theyre doing.Work at a radio station. Similar to TV, radio stations are in need of English majors. From writing marketing materials to proofreading promos, a radio station can be a fun and exciting place to work.Work for a technology company. You may picture tons of techs working in cubes when you think of a technology company. But all those instruction manuals, websites, user guides, and even video games need people to translate them from code to real English. Be a grant writer. Grant writing is a unique field that will allow you to help support a cause you believe in, work for an interesting organization, put your writing skills to work, and see the direct results of your efforts. Not too bad for a days work.

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution On March 4, 1789, the first group of United States senators reported for duty in the brand new U.S. Congress. For the next 124 years, while many new senators would come and go, not a single one of them would have been elected by the American people. From 1789 to 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, all U.S. senators were chosen by the state legislatures. Key Takeaways: The 17th Amendment The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution provides for the election of senators by voters in the states they are to represent, rather than by the state legislatures and establishes the method for filling vacancies in the Senate.The 17th Amendment was proposed in 1912 and ratified on April 8, 1913. Senators were first elected by the people in Maryland in 1913, and nationwide in the general election of November 3,1914. The 17th Amendment provides that senators should be directly elected by voters in the states they are to represent, rather than by the state legislatures. It also provides a method for filling vacancies in the Senate. The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and adopted in 1913 after being ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the then 48 states. Senators were first elected by voters in special elections in Maryland in 1913 and Alabama in 1914, then nationwide in the general election of 1914. With the right of the people to choose some of the most powerful officials of the U.S. federal government seemingly such an integral part of American democracy, why did it take so for that right to be granted? Background The framers of the Constitution, convinced that senators should not be popularly elected, crafted Article I, section 3 of the Constitution to state, â€Å"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.† The framers felt that allowing the state legislatures to choose senators would secure their loyalty to the federal government, thus increasing the Constitution’s chances of ratification. In addition, the framers felt that senators chosen by their state legislatures would be better able to concentrate on the legislative process without having to deal with public pressure. While the first measure to amend the Constitution to provide for the election of senators by popular vote was introduced in the House of Representatives in 1826, the idea failed to gain traction until the late 1850s when several state legislatures began to deadlock over the election of senators resulting in lengthy un-filled vacancies in the Senate. As Congress struggled to pass legislation dealing with momentous issues like slavery, states’ rights, and threats of state secession , the Senate vacancies became a critical issue. However, the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, along with the long post-war period of reconstruction, would further delay action on the popular election of senators. During reconstruction, the difficulties of passing legislation needed to reunite the still-ideologically divided nation were further complicated by Senate vacancies. A law passed by Congress in 1866 regulating how and when senators were chosen in each state helped, but deadlocks and delays in several state legislatures continued. In one extreme example, Delaware failed to send a senator to Congress for four years from 1899 to 1903. Constitutional amendments to elect senators by popular vote were introduced in House of Representatives during every session from 1893 to 1902. The Senate, however, fearing the change would diminish its political influence, rejected them all. Widespread public support for change came in 1892 when the newly-formed Populist Party made the direct election of senators a key part of its platform. With that, some states took the matter into their own hands. In 1907, Oregon became the first state to select its senators by direct election. Nebraska soon followed suit, and by 1911, more than 25 states were selecting their senators through direct popular elections. The States Force Congress to Act When the Senate continued to resist the growing public demand for the direct election of senators, several states invoked a rarely-used constitutional strategy. Under Article V of the Constitution, Congress is required to call a constitutional convention for the purpose of amending the Constitution whenever two-thirds of the states demand it to do so. As the number of states applying to invoke Article V neared the two-thirds mark, Congress decided to act. Debate and Ratification In 1911, one of the senators who had been popularly elected, Senator Joseph Bristow from Kansas, offered a resolution proposing the 17th Amendment. Despite significant opposition, the Senate narrowly approved Senator Bristow’s resolution, largely on the votes of senators who recently had been popularly elected. After long, often heated debate, the House finally passed the amendment and sent it to the states for ratification in the spring of 1912. On May 22, 1912, Massachusetts became the first state to ratify the 17th Amendment. Connecticuts approval on April 8, 1913, gave the 17th Amendment the required three-fourths majority. With 36 of 48 states having ratified the 17th Amendment, it was certified by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on May 31, 1913, as part of the Constitution. In total, 41 states eventually ratified the 17th Amendment. The state of Utah rejected the amendment, while the states of Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia took no action on it. Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 1 Section 1 of the 17th Amendment restates and amends the first paragraph of Article I, section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct popular election of U.S. senators by replacing the phrase â€Å"chosen by the Legislature thereof† with â€Å"elected by the people thereof.† Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 2 Section 2 altered the way in which vacant Senate seats are to be filled. Under Article I, section 3, the seats of senators who left office before the end of their terms were to be replaced by the state legislatures. The 17th Amendment gives the state legislatures the right to allow the state’s governor to appoint a temporary replacement to serve until a special public election can be held. In practice, when a Senate seat becomes vacant near the national general election, the governors typically choose not to call a special election. Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 3 Section 3 of the 17th Amendment simply clarified that the amendment did not apply to Senators chosen before it became a valid part of the Constitution. Text of the 17th Amendment Section 1.The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. Section 2.When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. Section 3.This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

Walmart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Walmart - Assignment Example Retuned items and goods whose shelf life is about to elapse are sold at lowered prices in bulk as well. In turn, impulse buying by the customer is evident. The wastage of such goods is then relieved from the business. The location of these goods is the he cashier’s stand that the customer accesses every time. The location plays a vital role in effortless accessibility and capturing of the individuals attention. The allocation of coupons for items to the customers after every visit to the retailer promotes moneyless or little money in use when purchasing goods. Consumers collect as many coupons as possible overtime. The coupons purchase bulk items when presented to the cashier. There are instances where the buyer is relieved from using money at all where the coupons available satisfy the number of goods. The other outcome is paying extra for the goods where the items shopped exceed the value of the coupons. On both accounts, a negligible or low price on items purchased respecti vely is evident. The mentioned methods for lowering of prices are a future cost anticipated by the business on transactions based on established goals and forecast (Boyd, 23). Budgeted costs define the cost incurred for discounting and couponing to the business. It is safe to say the management should utilize the method on price lowering. The discounts allow for increased purchasing power on the consumers end. Goods bought are more in comparison to anticipated purchasing by the consumer at a given time. The mechanisms attract more consumers for this reason. The business creates a loyal large customer base. Overtime the business is able to foot the budgeted costs incurred. Increased demand of products is a merit on its own. Wal-Mart is reputable for quality goods. The methods for price reduction promote continuous flow of goods in the business. For this reason, expired or outdated goods evade the business. It is an advantage to the retailer because

Contextualised analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contextualised analysis - Essay Example The paper concentrates on two pages (page 45 and 204) extract from the book that deals with relationship (sexuality). This double existence was in concurrence with the Victorian era in which the author lived, and also with a viewpoint that pleasures are most enjoyable when they are confidential. No evil is as allusive as the surreptitious sin. There is basis to suppose that Wilde would have retreated at the tendency to put on one’s sexuality within one’s sleeve; instead of making such internal desires the matter of subtle, secretive gratifications. Illusion, as he eminently quoted, is the initial of entire pleasures. Wilde was capable to rationalize his enticements while taking pleasure in the thrill of prohibited fruit but in his spirit, in his innermost conscience, the guilt prowled. Just as homosexuality in Wilde’s merely book, The Picture of Dorian Gray, is noticeable without being unconcealed, many desire their sins could be uncontrolled without being observed. The Picture of Dorian Gray discovers the fantasy of unconquerable vice only to realize that, while law can be avo ided, there is no flee from conscience. Homosexuality is revealed in book in many section, however, this analysis provide an extract of page 204 revealing confession of Hallward for loving Dorian. ‘It is quite true I have worshipped you with far more romance of feeling than a man should ever give to a friend. Somehow I have never loved a woman†¦. From the moment I met you, your personality had the most extraordinary influence over me†¦. I adored you madly, extravagantly, absurdly. I was jealous of everyone to whom you spoke. I wanted to have you all to myself. I was only happy when I was with you’ (204). This was a time of historical transformation in Victorian or modernist period. In the preamble, Wilde also warned readers against seeking connotations â€Å"beneath the surface† of literature or any art. The extract provides a